If an action is risky, and the outcome uncertain (but important to the group or individual) then there will be greater use of ritual associated with it. T/F: Many anthropologists have argued that there is a relationship between the emergence of monotheism and the increasing social and political complexity of certain pre-historic societies. Practice Quiz for Overview of Anthropology No. - British anthropologist, she worked with the people of Mafia Island in Tanzania Customs developed to fulfill basic human needs (food, sex, shelter, etc.) Religions/Anthropology Flashcards | Quizlet Religions/Anthropology Term 1 / 86 What is the primary ethical duty of Khalsa Sikhs? Anthropological theories of religion are diverse. The Catholic church, on the other hand, believes that the prayers and rituals of the priest actually bring about an alteration of the substance of the bread and wine, so that they come to share in the essence of Christs blood and flesh although their outer form remains the same. & 2 & 12 & 6 & 5 \\ an approach to anthropology studying human societies as systematic sums of their parts, as integrated wholes. - Rituals reinforce a cultural message already familiar to participants, - Wanted to prove that all religion is a result of anthropomorphism, and therefore illusory Use examples. archaeology. Magicians use this to produce a desired effect by imitating it. Jane is considering investing in three different stocks or creating three distinct two stock portfolios. Sate religions with professional priesthoods. 3. Curing is often accomplished by restructuring a disorder in a mythic world -She eventually became aware that being an ethnographer meant studying the self as well as the other. Similar to our notion of luck. Criticized for being scraggly and ill-used. Used by peasants to pull plows and carts. The participants display total submission to the group or authority. \text{Acquisition of land with cash } & 43,000 & \text{Payment of income tax} & 15,000\\ something that is beyond the realm of the observable world. - They are charged with protecting "The heart of the world" (live in Aluna and the physical world) Can't be killed according to the Ahimsa. During the ritual in those Protestant denominations that perform it, the bread and wine used are believed to be affected to a degree but not fundamentally changed by the ritual. Ultimately, however, rituals serve as vehicles to create or enhance the proximity of the rituals beneficiaries to the realm of the divine, to influence the divine or supernatural, or to facilitate the attainment of power associated with the spirit being who is propitiated. \text { Blocks } & 3 & 18 & 15 & 14 \\ Use nails or hair for example to inflict magic on victim-spreads to the body. Want the cargo coming in on ships and planes. That's why we know that religion has been important to all peoples throughout all time. A principle of nonviolence that forbids the killing of animals generally. The more indigenous and traditional a religion, the more its rituals are presentational. Powers that are not human or subject to the laws of nature. prayers to request the forgiveness of sins. These take the form of promises to fulfill certain duties or abstain from certain acts for a specified period of time. A form of social control. Grimes, R. L. (1982). Linked to capitalism- more ascetic, entrepreneurial and future oriented. For example, the college experience is a big liminal state that encourages communitas. Seen in hunter gathers and Australian totemites. Example: circumcision of teenagers, temporarily separate youth from community, confirmations, baptism, bar/bat mitzvahs, frat hazing. \text{Fixed costs:}\\ They are now women and are expected to fulfill whatever role their cultures assign that state. When natives have contact with industrial societies but lack wealth, tech and living standards. + sexually egalitarian, Thought of ritual as a performance planned or improvised that effects the transformation life to an alternative context within which the everyday is transformed Describes antimodernist movements in various religions. Use manure to fertilize their fields. Most people who do personal rituals do so as part of a regular adherence to religious beliefs. New York: Routledge. Sacred emblems symbolizing common identity. He contends that the role of placebos in all forms of healing has been greatly underestimated. "Theories are analytical tools for understanding, explaining, and making predictions about a given subject matter" (1). Stanford, CA 94305Phone: 650-723-3421anthropology [at] stanford.eduCampus Map. Communitas describes the unstructured, egalitarian, human relatedness. Instead, they serve a symbolic, representational function. -"Rebounding Violence" It is a betwixt and between state in which bonds are made with people who you may not have ordinarily made friends with. Separation-withdraw from group, begin move Jane considers herself to be a rather conservative investor. People are often dressed alike to underplay sexuality. A response will appear in the window below the question to let you know if you are correct. - Durkheim's most influential student, also a pioneer in the pursuit of origins, or grand evolutionary schemes. Based on written scriptures 2. 1. Anthropology of Religion: Religious Leaders Religious Leaders All societies have individuals whose job it is to guide or supplement the religious practices of others. Lower order systems are all about specific material goals, like money making and physical pleasures. The ritual is preceded by purification rites over the site and the objects used in creating the mandala. Likewise, females become of marriage age after puberty, must now dress differently, can no longer play with their friends in the same way, must avoid all but necessary contact with nonrelated males, and so on. \text{Sales revenue } & 215,000 & \text{$\quad$other than cash} & 24,000\\ Lower order systems are very specific, while higher order systems are more abstract, such as ideas of happiness. - Functionalism based on the society. After reading chapters 1 and 2, can you guess where the author did much of his ethnographic fieldwork? & & \text { A } & \text { B } & \text { C } \\ Sociology of religion is the study of the beliefs, practices and organizational forms of religion using the tools and methods of the discipline of sociology.This objective investigation may include the use both of quantitative methods (surveys, polls, demographic and census analysis) and of qualitative approaches (such as participant observation, interviewing, and analysis of archival . There are certain aspects and parts of ritual that can be found throughout the religious cultures of the world. These formulas are, in a sense, magic . They mediate and signify changes in individuals lives, conferring on them identity and status in their communities, taking them from one state of physical and social being to a greater one. 3. Liminality-limbo between states Anthropologies of 'World' Religions Although most anthropologists feel uneasy with the idea that so-called world religions such as Christianity, Islam, Judaism, Buddhism, and Hinduism can be regarded as autonomous systems, there has been a move in recent decades for researchers to identify themselves as ethnographers of a particular religion. These typically include physical cleansing of participants, ritual items, and ritual sites. Prepare the cash flows from operating activities section of the statement of cash flows using the indirect method. Englishman 1871-1958. Choose from 1,435 different sets of anthropology religion flashcards on Quizlet. Their state can be viewed as one of extended liminality, in that they always remain as separate, even when living in the midst of the society. b. +Studied circumcision rituals of the Merina of Madagascar ", theorized a linear evolution of religion, from animism to polytheism to monotheism, wrote "The Golden Bough" Learn anthropology religion with free interactive flashcards. Rituals called rites of passage mark ones transition through the various stages in life, from as early as conception throughout life until death, and even afterwards. They are believed to have the potential to bring about a fundamental change in the rituals beneficiaries as per the particular ritual performed, and they are traditionally mandatory. 4. Some cultures tend to be outer orientated (outside the domestic sphere) , while others were inner oriented (inside the domestic sphere). It is universal, or has universal potential 4. A collective effervescence can develop in Religious contexts. + Separation -> Transition -> Reintegration. . It is highly visible and, in the words of Raymond T. Firth (1995:214), represents "a massive output of human enterprise." Religious beliefs and are an enduring tribute to humankind's nearly infinite resourcefulness and adaptability in coping with the problems of daily life. Tylor's definition of religion emphasizes, a belief in spiritual or "supernatural" beings, Which of the following is a "type" of religion that anthropologists have studied, Prehistoric religions, ancient religions, Indigenous religions of small scale societies. Prior to the puberty ritual, young boys and girls are viewed as children; they generally have few responsibilities or powers and relatively few distinctions. List three factors in James Dow's Universal Aspects of Symbolic Healing. Performed in special sacred places at set times. Also has priesthood and notions of divine power, views the supernatural differently- are manifestations of, or are under the control of a single eternal, omniscient, omnipotent, and omnipresent supreme being. Westerners do not usually consider that religion is the basis of morality. There is a communal atmosphere and a common experience. The information systems department wishes to provide technical support personnel in a ratio of 1 for every 50 users. Sales(420,000units)Variablecostofgoodssold:Variablecostofgoodsmanufactured(500,000unitsx$14perunit)Lessendinginventory(80,000unitsx$14perunit)VariablecostofgoodssoldManufacturingmarginVariablesellingandadministrativeexpensesContributionmarginFixedcosts:FixedmanufacturingcostsFixedsellingandadministrativeexpensesIncomefromoperations$7,000,0001,120,000$160,00075,000$7,450,0005,880,000$1,570,00080,000$1,490,000235,000$1,255,000. Mediate between people and supernatural beings and forces. +social control -> controlling bodies= the ultimate outward sign of complete conformity to authority (posture, behavior, no privacy), - The body is a model which can stand for any bounded system. Moreover, it is believed in many cultural traditions that if one undertakes vows in conjunction with rituals, the latter will be more effective. Males are often expected to take more responsibility for the support and protection of their families. These can also include generalized goals like ideas of freedom and social cohesion. - Structuralism Seen today in states and Universities, sports teams, and political parties. A religious system that assigns different plant and animal species to specific social groups and postulates a relationship between the group and the species formed during the period of creation. Seen in states. Are rituals trans formative? Most religious rituals, on the other hand, are presentational. Animals figure in religious belief and practice in various ways, including all but which of the following? (realigns your spiritual balance) Anthropology of Religion Inquiring into the relationship between the divine, sacred, and the social order, and attendant beliefs, movements, and institutions are some of the oldest questions in Anthropology and continue to be some of the most relevant to the modern world. anthropology, "the science of humanity," which studies human beings in aspects ranging from the biology and evolutionary history of Homo sapiens to the features of society and culture that decisively distinguish humans from other animal species. & \mathbf{5} & 8 & 7 & 8 Rite of passage is a celebration of the passage which occurs when an individual leaves one group to enter another. 1858-d. 1917) is regarded, alongside Max Weber, as a founder of the discipline of sociology. Uses nature as a model for society. - rituals may be a part of daily life instead of just the outside life Following Durkheim and Weber social anthropologists conceive of religion as culture. He asks volunteers from his third-period class to report the number of nightmares they had last week. theorized a linear evolution of religion, from magic to religion to science, adopted by Tylor and Frazer; theorizes that religion originates in an attempt to rationally explain the world but ultimately gives way to science, theorized that the natural beauty of the world inspires religion She figured that power is accorded to the sex that is thought to embody the forces that a group is dependent on. Answer: Sociology and Anthropology are social science disciplines that focus on studying the behavior of humans within their societies. Belief that multiple deities control aspects of nature. \hspace{10pt}\text{Fixed manufacturing costs}&\$\hspace{15pt}160,000\\ \text{Collection of dividend revenue} & 6,900 & \text{Increase in current liabilities} & 15,000\\ and "What role do religions play in a society? The accounting records of Steven Corporation reveal the following: Often collective. Moreover, there is an increasing view that many of the problems in urbanized and westernized society are exacerbated by the lack of ritual tools and supports to address them. The Hindu doctrine. A teacher wants to know if nightmares are more common than dreams. Create a spreadsheet similar to Tables 8.68.68.6 and 8.78.78.7 to answer the following: Customs and institutions were integrated and interrelated: change affects all aspects. One important characteristic of ritual is that it always has religious overtones. 450 Jane Stanford Way Ambiguous social positions. Begin taking passes before (mediums move their hands over you. $$ Example: Caribbean Voodoo, mix of African, Native American, And Roman catholic saints and deities. -Work with notions of purity and impurity A few look beyond human nature to that of other animals, for analogues or precursors to religion. Why is the study of religious beliefs challenging for anthropologists quizlet? Sacred and forbidden; prohibition backed by supernatural sanctions. Seen in Aztecs, Mexico, Africa, Asia, Rome, Greece. \begin{array}{lrlr} 3.Men, or certain groups of men construct the language and models of a society-> communication is therefore limited for women/. Which of the following is not an example of the "practical" uses to which religion is sometimes put? Believed the study of society should be dispassionate and scientific. A symbol or emblem of a social unit. On a very basic level, rituals are an inherent part of living. Sanday wanted a general theory on the inequality of the sexes. Religion has been found in all societies studied by anthropologists. ; 5 What is the best anthropological definition of religion quizlet? - First method and still the standard "rule of thumb", - Refers to circular relationships between cause and effect. 2. Has a notion of salvation, often from outside (a 'coming deliverer') 3. \hline & & & & & \\ Terms in this set (210) anthropology. Some of the sand is given to spectators, who see it as sacred and may keep it on their home altars, while the remaining sand is poured into a flowing body of water. These religious leaders may be one of three different types--priest , shaman , or prophet . In these cultures, shamans are called upon for special and individualized rituals, such as performing exorcisms, curing illnesses, warding off curses, and mediating with the world or spirits and ancestors. The in between phase of a passage rite. Are polytheistic. What is meant by the holistic approach in anthropology quizlet? Needs to be accepted on faith. List three characteristics of World religions 1. Supernatural. "Cult of Saints", List three ways in which patients are 'prepared' for the treatment by Dr. Fritz, 1. Their society is ruled by the priestly class of Mamas \text{Variable selling and administrative expenses}&&\underline{\hspace{25pt}80,000}\\ Identifies Shamanic, communal, Olympian and monotheistic religions. "religion in action"--> helps control things we otherwise cant explain. A religious ritual is a prescribed, routinized, and ceremonial action or set of actions, the function of which is symbolic and has specific significance to the performer and the performers community. Click the card to flip Definition 1 / 86 The quest for justice Click the card to flip Flashcards Learn Test Match Created by lizard2025 Terms in this set (86) What is the primary ethical duty of Khalsa Sikhs? Identifies Shamanic, communal, Olympian and monotheistic religions. The indigenous mind is going to be different than the ethnographer's mind --> There will not always be a single explanation for phenomena Can only eat animal once a year. of Questions= 9 INSTRUCTIONS: To answer a question, click the button in front of your choice. Mailowski was functionalist in 2 senses: 1. As the patient begins to accept the mythic world of the healer and believes an existential shift occurs which allows the patient to change and find new avenues for adaptation. ; 7 Which anthropologist argued that religious beliefs are . As an example, Tibetan Buddhist monks ritually create elaborate mandalas, or sacred designs, using colored sand. It is now understood as one of the causes of irrational trade-offs in decision making, the reconciliation of God and humankind through Jesus Christ, the act of giving one tenth of one's income to the church, pre-Christian religious traditions that have been revived and are practiced in contemporary times, a new group considered mainstream, yet differs on just a few points from the mainstream religion, the preferred term for the term "cult" to avoid confusion and negative connotations, at the far end of the continuum from mainstream religions to denominations and sects, the result of societal conditions such as lowered life expectancy in lower socioeconomic classes, a society's way of justifying structural violence and making it seem natural, a sense of identification with and loyalty to one nation above all others, originally used to refer to the opponents of liberal Protestantism who were urging a return to the "fundamentals" of Christianity as a way to guide those whom they believed had lost their way -Argued that people "bet high" (there is less to be lost by attributing human characteristics to other creature and phenomena than by getting is wrong), - Proponent of a contemporary earth-based spirituality -> wrote a book of "rituals, invocations, exercises and magic" **Requirements** Significant here is his identification of three stages that can be seen in most such rites: the pre-ritual state, the liminal or transitional state, and the postritual state. Some animals are venerated because they represent anomalies that cross categories of human thought, The parts of the body that are sometimes thought of as "natural symbols" that were discussed by your text include all but the following. Examples include daily meditation, prayers before meals, Sunday mass, or full moon services. + most religious buildings face east, right is then associated with warmth of the sun, left with the cold of the north As a consequence, the lives of their adherents are much more ritually defined and supported. Every ritual has a beneficiary, someone or something for which the ritual is undertaken. What is its labor rate variance for the period? Non- Western societies are motivated by higher order values in which the environment is sacred. emphasized summarizing symbols, which represent complex sets of ideas, and elaborating metaphors, including root metaphors and key scenarios, ritual involving the manipulation of religious symbols such as prayers, offerings, and readings of sacred literature, rituals that are required to be performed, rituals that arise spontaneously, frequently in times of crisis, rituals performed on a regular basis as part of a religious calendar, rituals performed when a particular need arises, such as a marriage or a death, rituals that attempt to influence or control nature, hunting and gathering rites of intensification, rituals that influence nature in the quest for food, rituals designed to protect the safety of people engaged in dangerous activities, rituals that seek information about the unknown, healing rituals; rituals that deal with illness, accident, and death, rituals that bring about illness, accident, or death, rituals that serve to maintain the normal functioning of a community, rituals that delineate codes of proper behavior and articulate the community's worldview, rituals that accompany changes in an individual's status in society, rituals that focus on the elimination of alien customs and a return to a native way of life, gifts or even bribes, or economic exchange designed to influence the supernatural, the anthropological study of medicinal plants, each position in a series of positions, each one defined in terms of appropriate behavior, rights and obligations, and relationships to one another, the relative placement of each position in the society, a ceremony whereby a male child becomes a member of the Jewish community, the first phase of a rite of passage, in which the individual is removed from his or her former status, the second step in a rite of passage, during which several activities take place that bring about the change in status, the final phase in a rite of passage, during which the individual reenters normal society, though in a new social relationship, the state of ambiguous marginality during which the metamorphisis takes place during a rite of passage, a state in which there is a sense of equality, but the mere fact that a group of individuals is moving through the process together brings about a sense of community and camaraderie, in many traditional societies, the boys who are initiated together and form very close bonds, a specific status defined by age, such as warrior or elder, the removal of the labia minora along with the clitoris, the removal of the entire clitoris, labia minora, and labia majora and the sewing together of the remnants of the labia majora, leaving a small opening for urination and the passing of menstrual blood, an impersonal supernatural force that is found concentrated in special places in the landscape, in particular objects, and in certain people, a characteristic of most symbols: no direct connection with the thing they refer to, the ability to use symbols to refer to things and activities that are remote from the user, the feature of symbols allowing one to create a new symbol, such as a name, to refer to a new object, has a positive meaning such as prosperity and good luck, but most Americans and Europeans looking at it experience anger or dread, any five-sided figure, but generally used to refer to a five-pointed star, the symbol most clearly associated with Christianity, a word that is derived from the first letter of a series of words, a pipe through which a spirit moves from a tomb into a temple sanctuary during rituals, a religious system focusing on expressions of sacred time and space, the fusion of elements from two different cultures, instruments that are struck, shaken, or rubbed, instruments that incorporate a taut membrane or skin, instruments with taut strings that can be plucked or strummed, hit, or sawed, instruments where air is blown across or into some type of passageway, such as a pipe, the manipulation of supernatural power as a direct means of achieving an end, magic depends on the apparent association or agreement between things, things that were once in contact continue to be connected after the connection is severed, assumes there is a causal relationship between things that appear to be similar, based on the premise that things that were once in contact always maintain a connection, the practice of making an image to represent a living person or animal, which can then be killed or injured through doing things to the image, such as sticking pins into the image or burning it, fertility rituals that function to facilitate the successful reproduction of a totem animal, the belief that signs telling of a plant's medical use are somehow embedded within the structure and nature of the plant itself, an oral text that is transmitted without change; the slightest deviation from its traditional form would invalidate the magic, an object in which supernatural power resides, antisocial magic, used to interfere with the economic activities of others and to bring about illness and even death, a perceived revival of pre-Christian religious practices, techniques for obtaining information about things unknown, including events that will occur in the future, involves some type of spiritual experience such as a direct contact with a supernatural being through an altered state of consciousness, usually possession, more magical ways of doing divination, including the reading of natural events as well as the manipulation of oracular devices, refers to a specific device that is used for divination and can refer to inspiration or noninspirational forms, divination that happens without any conscious effort on the part of the individual, divination that someone sets out to do, such as reading tarot cards or examining the liver of a sacrificed animal, refers to divination through contact with the dead or ancestors, fortuitous happenings, or conditions that provide information, reading the path and form of a flight of birds, refers to chance meeting with an animal, such as a black cat crossing one's path, the examination of the entrails of sacrificed animals, the placing of bones in a fire and reading the patterns of burns and cracks to determine a response, the use of flour (as in fortune cookies) for divination, using a forked stick to locate water underground, the reading of the lines of the palm of the hand, the study of the shape and structure of the head, either fortuitous or deliberate, an altered state of consciousness in which a supernatural being (be it an ancestor, a ghost, a spirit, or a god) communicates through an individual, fortuitous in that the prophet receives information through a vision unexpectedly, without any necessary overt action on the part of the individual, the possession of a medium by a spirit who then speaks through the medium, people who undergo deliberate possession involving an overt action whereby the individual falls into a trance, painful and often life-threatening tests that a person who is suspected of guilt may be forced to undergo, such as dipping a hand into hot oil, swallowing poison, or having a red-hot knife blade pressed against some part of the body, the assumption of a causal relationship between celestial phenomenal and terrestrial ones and the influence that the stars and planets have on the lives of human beings, relatively simple forms of magical thinking that represent simple behaviors that directly bring about a simple result, such as carrying a good luck charm, receives his or her power directly from the spirit world; acquires status and abilities, such as healing, through personal communication with the supernatural during shamanic trances or altered states of consciousness, a central vertical axis that links the middle zone, the upper world, and the lower world; allows the movement of the shaman between the realm of the natural and supernatural, a technique of body movements, or magical passes, aiming to increase awareness of the energy fields that humans are made of, "the near universal methods of shamanism without a specific cultural perspective", focused on an individual, as opposed to the community, often as a self-help means of improving one's life; choose to participate and focus on what they consider the positive aspects of shamanism, as opposed to the traditionally recognized "dark side of shamanism", full-time religious specialists associated with formalized religious institutions that may be linked with kinship groups, communities, or larger political units; given religious authority by those units or by formal religious organizations, participate in activities similar to those of U.S. medical practitioners; may set bones, treat sprains with cold, or administer drugs made from native plants and other materials, specialists in the use of plant and other material as cures; may prescribe the materials to be administered or may provide the material as prescribed by a healer or diviner, someone who practices divination, a series of techniques and activities that are used to obtain information about things that are not normally knowable, a mouthpiece of the gods; communicates the words and will of the gods to his or her community and to act as an intermediary between the gods and the people, refers to individuals who have an innate ability to do evil, not depending on ritual to achieve his or her evil ends but simply willing misfortune to occur, a belief in the gratification of one's desires, a new awareness of something that exists in the environment, occurs when a person, using the technology at hand, comes up with a solution to a particular problem, the apparent movement of cultural traits from one society to another, the process of inventing a new trait through the receiving of an idea of one culture from another, the rapid change experienced by a subordinate culture as traits from a dominant culture are accepted, often at a rate that is too rapid to properly integrate the traits of the dominant culture into the subordinate culture, when the dominated society has changed so much that is has ceased to have its own distinct identity, a fusing of traits from two cultures to form something new and yet, at the same time, permit the retention of the old by subsuming the old into a new form, the dispersion of a people from their homeland, a religious or secular movement to bring about a change in society, manifesting as a result of a reaction to assimilation, develop in societies in which the cultural gap between the dominant and subordinate cultures is vast; these movements stress the elimination of the dominant culture and a return to the past, keeping the desirable elements of the dominant culture to which the society has been exposed, but with these elements now under the control of the subordinate culture, attempt to revive what is often perceived as a past golden age in which ancient customs come to symbolize the noble features and legitimacy of the repressed culture, based on a vision of change through an apocalyptic transformation, believe that a divine savior in human form will bring about the solution to the problems that exist within the society, a belief system among members of a relatively undeveloped society in which adherents practice superstitious rituals hoping to bring modern goods supplied by a more technologically advanced society, a grammatically simplified means of communication that develops between two or more groups that do not have a language in common, refers to the deteriorating quality of decisions made by an individual after a long session of decision making.